Neuroscience
Mind Map
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The brain is a magnificent three-pound organ which regulates all the body's functions, interprets knowledge from the outside world, and represents the mind and soul's nature. Intelligence, creativity, emotion, and memory are just a few of the brain's many things. is the main part of the brain and consists of hemispheres right and left. It performs higher functions such as touch interpretation, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine movement control. Than cerebellum is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance. Last but not least Brainstem. The functions of brainstem is as a coordination hub that links the brain and cerebellum with the spinal cord. This performs most automatic functions such as ventilation, heart rate, temperature of the body, cycles of wake and sleep, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
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The lateralization of brain function is the propensity to focus on one side of the brain or the other for other neural functions or cognitive processes. The medial longitudinal fissure divides the human brain into two distinct cerebral hemispheres. Although the two hemispheres ' macrostructure appears to be nearly identical, different neuronal network composition allows for unique function that is different in each hemisphere. The lateralization of brain structures is focused on general trends in healthy patients; however, each generalization has multiple counterexamples. The brain of each person develops differently leading to unique individual lateralization. It varies from specialization because lateralization only applies to the role of one system divided between two hemispheres. Specialization as a phenomenon is much easier to see, as it has a longer anthropological past. The best example of a proven lateralization is that of the areas of Broca and Wernicke, where both are mostly located on the left hemisphere alone.
The gold standard for brain mapping is still based on Brodmann's map, established in 1909, which based on its cellular structure separated the cerebral cortex into 50 different regions. Subsequent maps built on Brodmann but usually depicted only one brain structure or function modality and were focused on a small number of people. Matthew Glasser, David Van Essen, and colleagues decided to create a map that incorporates these properties to create a broader human cortex atlas .Researchers assessed brain structure based on structural MRI of cortical myelin content and thickness; cortical function as measured by functional MRI (fMRI) scans of participants performing seven tasks, ranging from hearing comprehension to math problems; and neural connectivity and topography as measured by resting state fMRI. Using a combination of algorithms and human interpretation to analyze the MRI data from 210 healthy young adults, Glasser’s team separated the brain into 180 regions per hemisphere. The literature had previously reported 83 of these areas, but 97 of them were new. One surprise was the rediscovery, first recorded in 1956, of a language-associated region called area 55b. The researchers then used this map to train a machine-learning algorithm to classify these brain areas ' "fingerprints" in a group of 210. The algorithm correctly identified more than 96 percent of the same cortical areas in the new group and was able to identify how these maps varied between individuals, the researchers reported. It could also expand the understanding of human evolution by scientists by allowing better comparisons with the brains of other non-human primates and other animals.
Question
What is MIR for?
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) use to look organs and structures inside your body. In MRI it use a large magnet and radio waves. In hospital using MRI scans to diagnose a variety of conditions, from torn ligaments to tumors. MRIs are useful for test and check the brain and spinal cord.
What is explicit memories and implicit memories?
Implicit is something that is implied wich is Unconscious memory or automatic memory. Implicit memories such as motor memories, rely on the basal ganglia and cerebellum.. Explicit is something that is stated directly, with no room left for implications which are about events that happened to you (episodic), as well as general facts and information (semantic) – there are three important areas of the brain: the hippocampus, the neocortex and the amygdala.
What is functions of lobe?
Frontal lobe is the biggest part in the brain. This part including the higher functions- language, thought, memory, motor functions. Second is Parietal lobe. This is for Sensory perception and integration, including the management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell. For the third is temporal lobe that at the side of brain. This is for Important for processing and interpreting the sounds and language we hear. Last but not least is occipital lobe that first place in cortex where visual information is processed.
Learning Reflection
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. Three scientist had their definition. Aristotle said, neuroscience is the nerves were controlled by and originated in the heart because it was, in his interpretation, the first organ of the body and the seat of all motion and sensation.
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Basically, human brain is the most complex organ in the universe. The brain’s structure is 2 hemispheres (symmetrical). There was three major part that is cerebrum,cerebellum, and brain stem. Cerebrum consists of four major areas which is frontal lobe, pariental lobe, occipital lobe and terompal lobe. And the most important is in the brain was get cortex. This is Cerebral cortex - outer layer that directs our motor and cognitive functions.
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Brain contralateral is when the left the left side of your brain connects to the right side of your body and the right brain connects to the left side. When fixating on a point, each eye sees both visual fields but sends information about the right visual field only to the right hemisphere. This crossover and split is the result of the manner in which the nerve fibres leading from the retina divide at the back of each eye. The visual areas of the left and right hemisphere normally communicate through the corpus callosum. If the callosum is cut and the eye and head are from moving, than hemisphere can see only half of the visual.
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Brain mapping proposed to achieve 3D map of the brain. Brain mapping define the surface, structures & function of the brain in health person and person with injuries and sickness related to brain. Brain mapping takes many forms, but maps of all types can be categorized as either structural or functional in nature.
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The MRI scanner is a tube surrounded by a giant circular magnet. A patient lies on a moveable bed that is inserted into this magnet. Our body consists mainly of water, and water contains hydrogen atoms. Radio waves 10,000 to 30,000 times stronger than the magnetic field of the earth are then sent through the body. This affects the body's hydrogen atoms, forcing the nuclei into a different position. As the nuclei move back into place they send out radio waves of their own. The scanner picks up these signals and a computer turns them into a picture. This information is processed by a computer, and an MRI image is produced.
The activities brain and language is for speaking words and meanings are accessed in the brain during reading, Effects on the brain after language training due to a stroke.